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Threat actor goes on a Chrome extension hijacking spree

Threat actor goes on a Chrome extension hijacking spree

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Kafeine

Overview

Chrome Extensions are a powerful means of adding functionality to the Chrome browser with features ranging from easier posting of content on social media to integrated developer tools. At the end of July and beginning of August, several Chrome Extensions were compromised after their author’s  Google Account credentials were stolen via a phishing scheme. This resulted in hijacking of traffic and exposing users to potentially malicious popups and credential theft.

We specifically examined the “Web Developer 0.4.9” extension compromise, but found evidence that “Chrometana 1.1.3”, “Infinity New Tab 3.12.3” [8][10] , “CopyFish 2.8.5” [9], “Web Paint 1.2.1” [11], and “Social Fixer 20.1.1” [12]  were modified using the same modus operandi by the same actor. We believe that the Chrome Extensions TouchVPN and Betternet VPN were also compromised in the same way at the end of June.

Analysis

On August 12 Chris Pederick reported [1] that his Extension, Web Developer for Chrome, had been compromised (Figure 1).

Figure 1

Figure 1: Chris Pederick’s tweet from August 2, 2017 regarding the compromise of his Web Developer for Chrome Extension

We retrieved the compromised version and isolated the injected code.

Figure 2

Figure 2: Web Developer 0.4.9 Chrome Extension published by a bad actor after the legitimate extension was compromised

Figure 3

Figure 3: Snippet of the inserted code in content.js from the compromised version of Web Developer 0.4.9

In general terms, the compromised extension first checks to ensure that the Chrome Extension has been installed for 10 minutes using the following line of code:

if ((Date.now() - installed) > 10 * 60 * 1000)

Before proceeding with the rest of the extension code, compromised components of the extension retrieve a remote file, ga.js, over HTTPS from a server whose domain is generated via a domain generation algorithm (DGA):

var date = new Date();
var day = date.getUTCDate();
var month = date.getUTCMonth() + 1;
var year = date.getUTCFullYear();
var hour = date.getUTCHours();
var d = day + '-' + month + '-' + year;
var hash = "wd" + md5(d) + ".win";

On August 2, for example, the network request was:

https://wd7bdb20e4d622f6569f3e8503138c859d[.]win/ga.js.

At that time, the file was served by Cloudflare.

The day after, the network request was:

https://wd8a2b7d68f1c7c7f34381dc1a198465b4[.]win/ga.js

Figure 4

Figure 4: Step 1 remote ga.js code called by the victim’s browser using the compromised extension - retrieved August 3, 2017

Figure 5

Figure 5: Array contained in the ga.js after unescaping; note that Cloudflare immediately removed the domains when we notified them of the malicious activity

The code from this first step allows the threat actors to conditionally call additional scripts including some to harvest Cloudflare credentials:

Figure 6

Figure 6: Conditionally called Step 2 script allowing the actor to grab and exfiltrate Cloudflare credentials after the victim’s login

At step 2, several other scripts can be called (Figure 7):

Figure 7

Figure 7: Some of the calls generated by the injected ga.js

As shown in Figure 8, the compromised version of the extension attempts to substitute ads on the victim’s browser, hijacking traffic from legitimate advertising networks.

Figure 8

Figure 8: Sample of strings that trigger a substitution attempt (from 973820_BNX.js?rev=133)

While the attackers substituted ads on a wide range of websites, they devoted most of their energy to carefully crafted substitutions on adult websites (Figure 9).

Figure 9

Figure 9: Code snippet demonstrating the extensive effort involved in properly substituting advertisements in adult websites; retrieved on August 3, 2017 from 973820_BNX.js?rev=133

Figure 10 shows several additional triggers for advertising substitutions, again on adult websites and particular advertising networks:

Figure 10

Figure 10: Other substitution triggers (695529_BNX.js?rev=144)

The advertising substitutions work for a specific set of 33 common banner sizes including 468x60, 728x90, and many more spanning numerous aspect ratios (Figure 11).

Figure 11

Figure 11: Banner formats handled by the compromised extension based on a version retrieved on August 3, 2017 rom 973820_BNX.js?rev=133

The advertising calls themselves specify the substituted banner format. For example, one particular ad call read:

b.partner-net[.]men/code/x/b/?pid=973820&adu=0&s=468x60

In many cases, victims were presented with fake JavaScript alerts prompting them to “repair” their PC then redirecting them to affiliate programs from which the threat actors could profit. Figure 12 shows a malvertising chain that brings users from the fake alert to an affiliate site; we observed the compromised extension directing victims to two such affiliates, although others may also have been used.

Figure 12

Figure 12: Chain to affiliate program from a  fake JavaScript alert

The code generating the fake alert page is shown in Figure 13:

Figure 13

Figure 13: Code generating the fake JavaScript alert

Figure 14

Figure 14: One of the affiliate programs receiving the hijacked traffic

Figure 15

Figure 15: Another affiliate program receiving the hijacked traffic.

The popup alerts were also reported in May with the “Infinity New Tab” compromise. The involved code in that compromised extension [5] is almost identical, but the DGA was slightly different:

var day = date.getDate();
var month = date.getMonth() + 1;
var year = date.getFullYear();
var d = month + '/' + year;
var tds_url = 'http://' + md5(d) + '.pro/tds.php?subid=ce';

The same malicious activity was also reported in some fake EU Cookie-Consent alerts [6] (Figure 16). The server involved in those cases, browser-updates[.]info, is the same as the one used in the “Infinity New Tab” case and most likely is an old front for the same backend as redirect2[.]top and loading[.]website. While those details are outside the scope of this blog, it is worth noting that examining these activities allows us to trace them back to @BartBlaze’s post from July 2016 [7]:

Figure 16a

Figure 16b

Figure 16: One of the servers currently used by this group to publish a trapped cookie-consent JavaScript script

Figures 17-19 show that this activity is able to generate substantial traffic:

Figure 17

Figure 17: Alexa report on browser-update[.]info

Figure 18

Figure 18: Similarweb report on searchtab[.]win

Figure 19

Figure 19: Alexa report on partner-net[.]men

The Phishing

Our colleagues at Phishme have already examined the credential phishing that originally allowed the actors to compromise the extensions [3]; the Web Developer extension case was almost identical:

Figure 20

Figure 20: Screenshot of the email used to harvest extension coder credentials

Conclusion

Threat actors continue to look for new ways to drive traffic to affiliate programs [13] and effectively surface malicious advertisements to users. In the cases described here, they are leveraging compromised Chrome extensions to hijack traffic and substitute advertisements on victims’ browsers. Once they obtain developer credentials through emailed phishing campaigns, they can publish malicious versions of legitimate extensions. In addition to hijacking traffic and driving users to questionable affiliate programs, we have also observed them gathering and exfiltrating Cloudflare credentials, providing the actors with new means of potential future attacks.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Cloudflare for their immediate action upon notification of malicious activity using their hosting service.

We would also like to thank Chris Pederick (author of the Web Developer extension) for sharing data tied to the phishing and how he and the CopyFish author transparently handled the incidents.

References

[1] https://twitter.com/chrispederick/status/892768218162487300

[2] http://chrispederick.com/blog/web-developer-for-chrome-compromised/

[3] https://phishme.com/even-smart-ones-fall-phishing/

[4] https://www.centbrowser.com/forum/printthread.php?tid=1394&page=2

[5] https://pastebin.com/pHf7EHRG

[6] https://forum.joomla.org/viewtopic.php?t=956912

[7] https://bartblaze.blogspot.co.uk/2016/07/eu-cookie-law-and-fake-chrome-extensions.html

[8] http://infinitynewtab.com/notice.html

[9] https://a9t9.com/blog/chrome-extension-adware/

[10] https://pastebin.com/pHf7EHRG

[11] https://gist.github.com/FelixWolf/066fd5ca2672f15089e7712827140bd9

[12] https://www.facebook.com/socialfixer/posts/10155117415829342

[13] https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/pyramid-schemes-go-high-tech-affiliate-spam-and-malware-affiliates

Indicators of Compromise

IOCs

Comment

click.rdr11[.]top|31.186.103.146

Server used for Phishing CopyFish Free Extension - 2017-07-28

chromedevelopment[.]site|31.186.103.147

Server used for Phishing Google Accounts from Extensions Developers - 2017-08

login.chromeextensions[.]info|31.186.103.149

Server used for Phishing Google Accounts from Extensions Developers

chromeextensions[.]info|31.186.103.149

Server used for Phishing Google Accounts from Extensions Developers

wd8a2b7d68f1c7c7f34381dc1a198465b4[.]win|104.131.30.88

Injection server (ga.js) - 2017-08-03

wd7bdb20e4d622f6569f3e8503138c859d[.]win|104.131.30.88

Injection server (ga.js) - 2017-08-02

loading[.]website|162.255.119.12

Server used for js alert in August 2017

searchtab[.]win|104.131.67.58

Server used for creds exfiltration

redirect2[.]top|104.131.67.58

Server used for creds exfiltration

browser-updates[.]info|198.54.117.212

Server used for js alert and creds exfiltration  in may 2017 (both in fake EU Cookie Consent and Chrometana and Infinity New Tab compromission)

browser-updates[.]info/firebase_subscribe.js

Js used to exfiltrate Firebase credential. Similar JS was injected directly in Chrometana

imagetwist[.]info|174.138.62.139

Server used for creds ( from imagetwist) exfiltration

https://wd7bdb20e4d622f6569f3e8503138c859d[.]win/ga.js

js called by content - wd+md5(2-8-2017).win

http://searchtab[.]win/ga.js

js conditionally loaded as 2nd step

http://redirect2[.]top/ga.js

js conditionally loaded as 2nd step

http://partner-net[.]men/code/pid/linkcheck.js?rev=133

js conditionally loaded as 3rd step

https://f.partnerwork[.]men/code/code/index_4.php

php conditionally loaded as 3rd step

https://f.partnerwork[.]men/code/code/mss_3.js

4th step

https://y.partnerwork[.]men/code/code/index_3.php

5th step

http://partner-net[.]men/code/pid/973820_BNX.js?rev=133

Js called as 2nd step performing most the ad injection/substitution

http://partner-net[.]men/code/?pid=973820&r=

Js conditionally called as 2nd step

login.chromedevelopment[.]site|31.186.103.147

Server used for Phishing Google Accounts from Extensions Developers - 2017-08

y.partnerwork[.]men|185.147.15.35

Server used for ads insertion

f.partnerwork[.]men|185.147.15.37

Server used for ads insertion

f.partnerwork[.]men|185.147.15.37

Server used for ads insertion

partner-net[.]men|95.211.68.187

Server used for ads insertion

partner-net[.]men|95.211.68.186

Server used for ads insertion

b.partner-net[.]men|

Server used for ads insertion

http://land.pckeeper[.]software/land/7.13.222/index.php?affid=mzb_251.563088.1501708560.18.mzb&utm_source=prfl&utm_medium=cps&utm_campaign=pck_prfl_cps_ww_713&utm_term=&utm_content=&userDefiner=mzb_2424&trt=33_1641011700&tid_ext=1451151054

PCKepper Affiliate program URI involved in the chain

http://land.pckeeper[.]software/land/7.13.222/index.php?affid=mzb_281.2294418.1495859377.18.mzb&utm_source=maxb&utm_medium=cps&utm_campaign=pck_maxb_cps_eu2_713&utm_term=&utm_content=&userDefiner=mzb_2424&trt=33_1638077&tid_ext=pck_maxb_cps_us_eu2_sale

PCKepper Affiliate program URI involved in the chain

http://wlp.cleanmypc[.]online/mxbt1/?x-context=496906380&utm_source=mxapcfx5&utm_campaign=mxapcfx5&pxl=MXA2240_MXA2193_RUNT&utm_pubid=56754&x-at=XXXXX&override=1

CleanMyPC Affiliate program URI involved in the chain

cookie-policy[.]org|45.55.128.61

EU-Cookie Script servers

cdn2[.]info|45.55.128.61

EU-Cookie Script servers

cdn8[.]info|45.55.128.61

EU-Cookie Script servers

cdn.cookiescript[.]info|52.222.226.223

Server used for EU-Cookie 2017-07

cdn.front[.]to|162.243.105.107

Server used for EU-Cookie 2016-06 - 302 to cdn.cookiescript[.info 2017-08-02

UA-103045553-1

Google Analytics UA used in scripts injected in compromised extensions

283599517713

Firebase messagingSenderId used in the script to gather credentials

ganalytics[.]win|104.131.30.88

Old domain used of the injected ga.js

92fffe0ba52da491a2b7576627f3693a[.]pro

Domain used in may in the Infinity New Tab compromission - md5(5/2017)

7ce508e6099e31f68c2fd50c362f087d[.]pro

 

Domain used in may in the Infinity New Tab compromission - md5(6/2017)

partner-print[.]men|185.147.15.39

Server used for ads insertion

extstat[.]com|185.147.15.39

Server used for ads insertion
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